A steel bycicle will surely work.
The problem with all of it is going to be scale. I think you’re right in that you think you can just jump into the technology bit in these Yankee in King’s Arthur’s Court scenarios and instead you’d probably get stuck trying to revolutionize mining and material science and then die from an ingrown toenail.
Which, to his credit, Twain absolutely covers when he does the thought experiment. I’m constantly impressed that his take was “you’d cherry pick the people that are open minded enough and spend the rest of your life trying to set up an education system only to be chased away regardless because politics is a bitch”.
That’s still probably the right answer.
Would you? I think that’s the most interesting question in this hypothetical. Would dropping future tech knowledge in a different context just clone cultural and political progression or change course?
I think assuming industrial revolution inevitably leads to colonialism, then imperialism lets actual colonial powers off the hook. I mean, never mind that you’d probably be able to explain inflation to people and skip past some of the straight-up self-defeating resource chases, arguably colonialism is very dependent on European culture being very specifically theocratic and self-absorbed. Especially if you step in prior to the Middle Ages. Roman expansion had slavery as a common law figure, like everybody else at the time, but their incorporation of other territories was extremely not based on colonial principles, even in parts of Africa that would then be under straight-up colonial rule. Would having muskets and combustion engines have changed that? I’m not sure.